References

**To unlock access to the first quiz, make sure to select the “Mark as Completed” button below.

 

  1. Nanji K, Gulamhusein H, Jindani Y, Hamilton D, Sabri K. Profile of eye-related emergency department visits in Ontario – a Canadian perspective. BMC Ophthalmol. 2023;23(1):305. doi:10.1186/s12886-023-02999-x
  2. Henríquez-Recine, Noval S, Zafra B, De Manuel S, Contreras I. Ocular Emergencies in Children: Demographics, Origin, Symptoms, and Most Frequent Diagnoses. López-Gil N, ed. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020;2020:1-6. doi:10.1155/2020/6820454
  3. Seguin J, Le CK, Fischer JW, Tessaro MO, Berant R. Ocular Point-of-Care Ultrasound in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatr Emer Care. 2019;35(3):e53-e58. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000001762
  4. Khoo SA, Ong GYK. Use of Ocular Point-of-Care Ultrasound in a Difficult Pediatric Examination: A Case Report of an Emergency Department Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020;58(4):632-635. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.01.006
  5. Pujari A, Swamy DR, Singh R, Mukhija R, Chawla R, Sharma P. Ultrasonographic assessment of paediatric ocular emergencies: A tertiary eye hospital based observation. World Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2018;9(4):272. doi:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2018.04.006
  6. Riggs BJ, Trimboli-Heidler C, Spaeder MC, Miller MM, Dean NP, Cohen JS. The Use of Ophthalmic Ultrasonography to Identify Retinal Injuries Associated With Abusive Head Trauma. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2016;67(5):620-624. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.09.027
  7. Ang GS, Dhillon B. Do junior house officers routinely test visual acuity and perform ophthalmoscopy? Scott Med J. 2002;47(3):60–3.
  8. Bruce BB, Lamirel C, Biousse V, et al. Feasibility of nonmydriatic ocular fundus photography in the emergency department: phase I of the FOTO-ED study. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(9):928–33.
  9. Morad Y. Fundus anomalies: what the pediatrician’s eye can’t see. International J Qual Health Care. 2004;16(5):363–5.
  10. Shuttleworth GN, Marsh GW. How effective is undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in ophthalmology? Eye. 1997;11(5):744–50
  11. Propst SL, Kirschner JM, Strachan CC, et al. Ocular Point-of-Care Ultrasonography to Diagnose Posterior Chamber Abnormalities: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e1921460. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.21460
  12. Chiu HH, Al-Farsi N, Wong AMF, Davis A, Tessaro MO, Wan MJ. Diagnostic utility of point-of-care ultrasound and optical coherence tomography for papilloedema in children: a prospective pilot study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2024;108(9):1286-1291. doi:10.1136/bjo-2023-324552
  13. Shrestha GS, Upadhyay B, Shahi A, Jaya Ram KC, Joshi P, Poudyal BS. Sonographic Measurement of Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter: How Steep is the Learning Curve for a Novice Operator? Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2018;22(9):646-649. doi:10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_104_18
  14. Gauthey M, Tessaro MO, Breitbart S, Kulkarni AV, Davis AL. Reliability and feasibility of optic nerve point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric patients with ventricular shunts. Childs Nerv Syst. 2022;38(7):1289-1295. doi:10.1007/s00381-022-05510-x
  15. Lewis D, Rang L, Kim D, et al. Recommendations for the use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) by emergency physicians in Canada. CJEM. 2019;21(6):721-726. doi:1017/cem.2019.392
  16. Marin JR, Abo AM, Doniger SJ, et al. Point-of-Care Ultrasonography by Pediatric Emergency Physicians. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2015;65(4):472-478. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.01.028
  17. Abramowicz JS, Adhikari S, Dickman E, et al. Ocular Ultrasound: Review of Bioeffects and Safety, Including Fetal and Point‐of‐Care Perspective. J of Ultrasound Medicine. 2022;41(7):1609-1622. doi:10.1002/jum.15864
  18. Gurthie J. Ophthalmic Sonography: Through the Lens of a Sonographer. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. 2021;37(6):517-520. doi:10.1177/875647932110193
  19. Nowicki A. Safety of ultrasonic examinations; thermal and mechanical indices. Med Ultrason. 2020;22(2):203. doi:10.11152/mu-2372
  20. Silva CT, Brockley CR, Crum A, Mandelstam SA. Pediatric Ocular Sonography. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI. 2011;32(1):14-27. doi:10.1053/j.sult.2010.09.005
  21. Ahn J, Dinh V, Deschamps J, et al. Ocular ultrasound made easy: step-by-step guide. POCUS 101. Published January 10, 2020. Accessed October 16, 2025. https://www.pocus101.com/ocular-ultrasound-made-easy-step-by-step-guide/
  22. Fatima A, Modi P, Sinha TP, Bhoi S, Kumar A, Sagar S. Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Tool in Detection of Maxillofacial Fractures at Level 1 Trauma Centre ED in India. Australas J Ultrason Med. 2025;28(2):e70001. doi:1002/ajum.70001
  23. Jank S, Emshoff R, Strobl H, Etzelsdorfer M, Nicasi A, Norer B. Effectiveness of ultrasonography in determining medial and lateral orbital wall fractures with a curved-array scanner. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2004;62(4):451-455. doi:1016/j.joms.2003.05.016
  24. Jenkins CNJ, Thuau H. Ultrasound imaging in assessment of fractures of the orbital floor. Clinical Radiology. 1997;52(9):708-711. doi:1016/S0009-9260(97)80037-2
  25. Pruksapong C, Wongprakob N, Panphichet M. Accuracy of linear-probe ultrasonography in diagnosis of infraorbital rim fractures. Ultrasound J. 2023;15(1):9. doi:1186/s13089-022-00298-y
  26. Anwar MR, Mahant S, Agbaje-Ojo T, et al. Diagnostic test accuracy of ultrasound for orbital cellulitis: A systematic review. Amanati A, ed. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(7):e0288011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288011
  27. Chang MY, Pineles SL. Optic disk drusen in children. Survey of Ophthalmology. 2016;61(6):745-758. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.03.007
  28. Modi P, Bhoi S, Aggarwal P, et al. Feasibility of USG ‐Guided Objective Initial Assessment of Pupillary Size and Pupillary Reflexes Versus Clinical Examination in Patients With Altered Mental Status: A Cross‐Sectional Study. J of Ultrasound Medicine. 2024;43(2):335-346. doi:1002/jum.16366